Biographic notes
These names may be individually located on the Frieze by applying the code for each to the Locational List. Thus the name ARISTOTLE (Ne2), is in the North court at the East end, second name from the left.
AGASSIZ, Jean R., (1807-1873). Swiss geologist, naturalist. Made extensive study of glaciers and their movements. Also noted for work on recent and fossil forms of fishes. Ss1
AGRICOLA, Georgius B. (Georg Bauer), (1494-1555). German physician, scientist. Father of mineralogy. Contributed much to early history of geology. Ss4
AMPERE, Andre M., (1775-1836). French physicist, mathematician. Developed laws of electrodynamics. Electric current unit of ampere named after him. Ww5
ARCHIMEDES, (c. 287-212 B.C.) Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer. Contributed to development of geometry, mechanics, hydrostatics. Author of Archimedes’ Principle. Nn7
ARISTOTLE, (384-322 B.C.) Greek philosopher of metaphysics, ethics, politics, rhetoric, poetics. Founder of systematic study of logic and theory of syllogism. Ne2
ARKWRIGHT, Richard. (1732-1792). English inventor, manufacturer. Developed carding machine and yarn spinning frame, thus initiating factory system. En4
ARRHENIUS, Svante A., (1859-1927). Swedish Chemist. Formulated theory of electrolytic dissociation (ionization) and extended same to analysis of problems of chemical reaction. Awarded Nobel Prize in chemistry, 1903. Sw2
AVOGADRO, Amadeo, (1776 - 1856). Italian mathematical physicist. Enunciated Avogadro’s law that equal volumes of different gases at the same pressure and temperature have equal numbers of molecules. En1
BEAUMONT, William, (1785-1853). American physician, surgeon. Conducted experiments on gastric juice and physiology of digestion. Nw4
BECQUEREL, Antoine H. (1852-1908). French physicist. Discovered invisible radiation of uranium now known as Becquerel rays, for which he shared a Nobel Prize with the Curies, 1903. Es1
BELL, Alexander G., (1847-1922). American scientist. Inventor of telephone. Also did much work in behalf of the deaf. En3
BERNARD, Claude, (1813-1878) French physiologist. Founder of experimental medicine. Discovered function of pancreas, glycogenic action of liver and nerves controlling muscles of blood vessels. Ne9
BERNOULLI, Daniel, (1700-1782). Born in Groningen, Netherlands, died in Basel, Switzerland. Mathematician - scientist. Developed kinetic theory of gases, early work on conservation of energy. Ws9
BERZELIUS, Jons J. B., (1779-1848) Swedish chemist. Identified many chemical compounds. Invented modern symbols for chemical elements and writing of formulas. Ws1
BESSEMER, Henry, (1813-1898). English inventor. Developed Bessemer process of converting pig iron into steel by oxidizing the impurities. Sw6
BOHR, Nils, (1885-1962). Danish physicist. Nobel Prize, 1922. Advisor to Manhattan Project, worked to develop peaceful use of atomic energy and did work on particle motion in atoms. En14
BOYLE, Robert, (1627-1691) English natural philosopher, chemist. Authored Boyle’s law of inverse relation of pressure to volume of gases. Ee7
BRUNELLESCHI, Filippo, (1377-1446). Italian architect. Was first great name of Italian Renaissance. Designed dome of Cathedral of Florence. Es8
BUCH, Christian L., (1774-1853). German geologist, geographer. Made special studies of volcanoes and jurassic formations. Se5
BUNSEN, Robert W., (1811-1899). German chemist. Inventor of Bunsen burner, Bunsen electric cell, and discoverer of two chemical elements. Ss3
CARNOT, N. L. Sadi, (1796-1832). French physicist, engineer. Conceived an ideal, reversible Carnot heat engine cycle, and became founder of modern thermodynamics. En10
CARTWRIGHT, Edmund, (1743-1823). English inventor. Developed wool combing machine, weaving machine, power loom and machine for making rope. En20
CAVENDISH, Henry, (1731-1810). English physicist, chemist. Made significant contributions to knowledge of gases. Checked gravitational constant of Earth and determined its weight with help of now celebrated Cavendish experiment. Ws8
CHAMBERLIN, Thomas C., (1843-1928). American educator, geologist. Co-author with
Forest Moulton, of theory that solar system was formed through gravitational effect of heavenly body passing near sun. Sw3
CLAUSIUS, Rudolph J. E., (1822-1888). German mathematical physicist. Stated the Second Law of Thermodynamics and advanced the kinetic theory of gases. Se1
COPERNICUS, Nicolai, (1473-1543). German-Polish astronomer. Claimed the sun was the center of the universe. Father of modern astronomy. Nw6
COULOMB, Charles A., (1736-1806). French physicist. Worked with electricity and magnetism. Discoverer of law of electric charges, and unit of same named for him. Also invented torsion balance. Wn6
CUGNOT, Nicolas. J., (1725-1804). French engineer. Invented one of the first vehicles to travel under its own power, propelled by steam. Ee6
CURIE, Marie, (1867-1934). Polish chemist and physicist. Discovered radium. Shared Nobel Prize with Becquerel, 1903. Also won Nobel Prize for discovery of two new chemical elements. Sw7
CUVIER, Georges, (1769-1832). French naturalist. Founder of sciences of paleontology and comparative anatomy. Made new classification of animals. Es3
DAGUERRE, Louis J. M., (1789-1851). French inventor, photographer. Founder of photographic process using copper or silver plate covered with silver salt to form Daguerrotype. Wn21
D’ALEMBER, Jean le R., (1717-1783). French mathematician, physicist, philosopher. Authored d’Alembert’s Principle of the kinetics of rigid bodies. Wn15
DALTON, John, (1766-1844). English scientist. Enunciated law of partial pressures in gas mixtures. Also advanced an atomic theory. Ne7
DARWIN, Charles R., (1809-1882). English naturalist, father of the theory of biological evolution.Wrote Origin of Species and Descent of Man. Ne5
DAVY, Humphrey, (1778-1829). English chemist. Discovered properties of laughing gas. Isolated several chemical elements. Invented Davy safety lamp for use in mines to detect gas and prevent explosions. Sw9
DESCARTES, Rene, (1596-1650). French philosopher, mathematician, scientist. Author of Cartesian coordinate concept and founder of analytic geometry. Nn2
DESMAREST, Nicolas, (1725-1815). French geologist. Mapped in detail the extinct Auvergne volcanoes and worked out their complex history. Ss7
DIESEL, Rudolph C. K., (1858-1913). German engineer. Invented the Diesel internal combustion engine. Wn11
DUMAS, Jean B. A.., (1800-1884). French chemist. Did research in atomic weights, (sulfuric) ether, oxidation products of alcohols and laws of substitution. Wn7
EDISON, Thomas A., (1847-1931). American inventor. Developed incandescent filament lamp, phonograph, motion picture camera and much else. Discovered Edison effect which became basis for vacuum tube. Ww4
EINSTEIN, Albert., (1879-1955). Born in Ulm on der Donau, Germany, died in Princeton, N.J. Nobel Prize in physics, 1921. Special and general relativity. Later worked on unified field theory. After WWII was leader in world government movement and eclectic in his interests and investigations. Ws10
EULER, Leonhard, (1707-1783). Swiss mathematician. Founder of science of pure mathematics and made numerous applications of it. Es2
FARADAY, Michael, (1791-1867). English physicist, chemist. Discovered electromagnetic induction. Enunciated the laws of electrolysis and established the identity of electricity from several sources. Nw7
FERMI, Enrico, (1901 - 1954). Born in Rome, Italy. Died in Chicago, IL. Nobel Prize, 1938. Responsible for construction of 1st nuclear reactor (1942) which opened the Atomic Age. Used the code name "The Little Navigator" during the Manhattan Project, which developed the atom bomb. Es12
FOUCAULT, Jean B. L., (1818-1868). French physicist. Did research on speed of light and its index of refraction. Inventor of the Foucault pendulum for proving rotation of earth. Nw2
FOURIER, Jean B. J., (1768-1830). Did research on heat and numerical equations. Author of Fourier mathematical series for analyzing wave forms. Ee1
FRANKLIN, Benjamin, (1706-1790). American philosopher, statesman, prolific scientific innovator. Proved identity of lightning and electricity. Nn1
FRESNEL, Augustin J., (1788-1827). French physicist. Did researches on light and variation of color with wave length. Discovered Fresnel fringes. Es20
FREUD, Sigmund. (1856-1939) Born in Freiberg, Moravia and died in London, England. Father of psychoanalytical school of psychiatry. Divided mental apparatus into id, ego, and superego and introduced the idea of libido. Ws14
FULTON, Robert, (1765-1815). American civil engineer and inventor. Created first commercial steamboat. Also worked on canal transportation and submarines. Es7
GALEN, Claudius. (C129 A.D. - C22 A.D.). Born in Pergamum, Asia Minor and died in Sicily, probably. Hellenistic physician. Physician to Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Systemized and unified Greek anatomy and medical knowledge, stayed the authority until Vesalius in anatomy and Harvey in physiology. Ee2
GALILEO Galilei, (1564-1642). Italian astronomer and physicist. First to use previously developed telescope, to make important discoveries in astronomy. Determined specific gravity of various substances and manner of fall of solid bodies. Also determined that the trajectory of projectiles was parabolic. Nw5
GAUSS, Karl F., (1777-1855). German mathematician. Unit for measuring the intensity of a magnetic field, named in his honor. Founder of the mathematical theory of electricity. Ws11
GAY-LUSSAC, Joseph L., (1778-1850). French chemist. Invented hydrometer and alcoholometer. Author of law of combining volumes of gases. Wn13
GIBBS, Josiah (Willard), (1839-1903). American mathematical physicist. Made important contributions in thermodynamics. Author of Phase Rule. Nn5
GILBERT, William, (1544-1603). English scientist. Made pioneer studies on electricity and magnetism. Ws5
GOODYEAR, Charles, (1800-1860). American inventor. Originator of vulcanization of natural rubber. Wn12
GRAY, Elisha, (1835-1901). American inventor. Produced the telautograph and other improvements in telegraphy. Sw5
GUTENBERG, Johannes, (1395?-1468?). German printer. Developed process of printing from movable type by means of reusable molds. Printed Gutenberg Bible. Ne4
HALE, George E., (1868-1938). American astronomer. Founded three observatories. Made valuable researches in solar and stellar spectroscopy. Nn3
HALL, Charles M., (1863-1914). American inventor. Developed first commercially successful process for producing aluminum. Se7
HAMILTON, William R., (1805-1865). Scotch-Irish mathematical physicist. Celebrated for work in dynamics and quantum theory. Se9
HARVEY, William, (1578-1657). English anatomist. Discovered circulation of blood. Wrote Motion of the Heart and Blood. Ne10
HAÜY, Rene J., (1743-1822). French mineralogist. Formulated geometrical law of crystallization and studied pyroelectricity of crystals. Sw1
HELMHOLTZ, Herman L. F., (1821-1894). German physiologist and physicist. Invented ophthalmoscope. Made a great variety of other significant developments in physiology and physics. Nw9
HENRY, Joseph, (1797-1878). American natural philosopher. Said to have invented the first machine to be moved by the agency of electromagnetism. Also developed laws of self- and mutual inductance. Ne6
HERTZ, Heinrich R., (1857-1894). German physicist. Investigated relation between light and electricity. His discoveries formed the basis for wireless telegraphy. Unit of electromagnetic frequency named for him Ww2
HILL, James J., (1838-1916). American businessman. Helped build Great Northern Railway and first steamship company for transportation to Orient. Ws13
HIPPOCRATES, (c. 460-c. 377 B.C.). Greek physician. Called father of medicine. Wrote numerous treatises. Hippocratic oath of medical conduct named after him. Se4
HOOKE, Robert, (1635-1703). English natural philosopher. Discovered plant cells. Enunciated inverse square law of intensity of light. Discovered Hooke’s law of elasticity. Made first Georgian telescope. Wn17
HUTTON, James, (1726-1797). Scottish geologist. Known for theories of origin of the earth, and of formation of earth’s crust. Called father of modern geology. Sw4
HUYGENS, Christian, (1629-1695). Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer. Developed the wave theory of light and discovered polarization. Also discovered rings and sixth satellite of the planet Saturn. Invented pendulum Clock and micrometer. Es22
ICTINUS, (fifth century B.C.). Greek architect. Built many temples including the Parthenon. Se6
JENNER, Edward, (1749-1823). English physician. Discovered, researched and developed vaccination. En22
JOULE, James P., (1818-1889). English physicist. Determined mechanical equivalent of heat and helped established principle of conservation of energy. Unit of measurement of heat, the joule, named after him. Also made first calculation of speed of gas molecule. Ss5
KEKULÉ, Friedrich A., (1829-1896). German chemist. Did research on molecular structure of organic compounds. Defined organic chemistry as chemistry of carbon compounds. Proposed theories of chain and ring formations. Es5
KELVIN, William T., (1824-1907). Scottish mathematician, physicist. Established independent Kelvin scale of temperature. Discovered second law of thermodynamics. Devised many scientific instruments. Ne1
KEPLER, Johannes, (1571-1630). German mathematician and astronomer. Discovered three laws of planetary motion. Upheld Copernican theory of solar system. Did pioneer work on optics and calculus. Es11
KIRCHHOFF, Gustav R., (1824-1887). German physicist. Laid basis for modern spectrum analysis. Formulated Kirchhoff’s laws of electricity. Wn5
KOCH, Robert, (1843-1910). German physician. Developed methods of bacteriological research and foundation of bacterial culture. Awarded Nobel Prize in medicine, 1905. Ws19
LAËNNEC, Rene T. H., (1781-1826). French physician. Invented the stethoscope and investigated diseases of heart and lungs. Developed method of diagnosis of disease by listening to sounds of the body. Wn4
LAGRANGE, Joseph L., (1736-1813). French mathematician, physicist, astronomer. Made contributions to calculus, differential equations, theory of numbers, theory of equations and much else, including applications to physics and astronomy. Ww1
LAMARCK, Jean B., (1744-1829). French naturalist. Developed classification of animals and theory of evolution. Made meteorological forecasts and named various cloud types. Ss6
LAPLACE, Pierre S., (1749-1827). French mathematician and astronomer. Contributed to application of higher mathematics to stellar bodies and their motions. Es19
LAVOISIER, Antoine L., (1743-1794). French chemist. Founder of modern chemistry. Laid foundations of thermochemistry. Discovered role of oxygen in plant and animal respiration. Nw1
LEEUWENHOEK, Antony, (1632-1723). Dutch naturalist. Invented the microscope and used it to discover and explore a new world of nature. Sw8
LEGENDRE, Adrien M., (1752-1833). French mathematician. Developed elliptical integrals, theory of numbers and other areas of advanced mathematics. Sw11
LEIBNITZ, Gottfried W., (1646-1716). German philosopher and mathematician. Co-discoverer, with Isaac Newton, of infinitesimal calculus. Also contributed to development of symbolic logic. Ws12
LENOIR, Jean J. E., (1822-1900). French inventor. Developed first practical internal combustion engine. Built one of first automobiles to use gas engine. En21
LEONARDO DA VINCI, (1452-1519). Italian artist and scientist. Painted Mona Lisa. Made many prophetic studies and sketches in physics, anatomy, geology and astronomy. Ne11
LIEBIG, Justus, (1803-1873). German chemist. Contributed to the fields of organic chemistry and chemistry of the soil. Discovered chloroform. Liebig laboratory condenser named for him. Ws21
LINNAEUS, Carolus. (Carl von Linné) (1707-1778). Born in Rashult, Smaland, Sweden and died in Uppsala. Botanist, taxonomist. Father of modern systematic botany, and established method of plant classification. Wn20
LISTER, Joseph, (1827-1912). English physician. Founded antiseptic surgery, a system that came to be known as "Listerism." Ne3
LYELL, Charles, (1797-1875). English geologist. Considered founder of modern geology. Wrote many treatises on geology of America. Was one of earliest supporters of Darwin’s theory of evolution. Ws7
MARCONI, Guglielmo, (1874-1937). Italian inventor and electrical engineer. Developed and established wireless telegraphy on a commercial basis. Co-winner of Nobel Prize with Braun, 1909. Ww7
MAUDSLAY, Henry, (1771-1831). English engineer. Made a number of significant mechanical inventions - printing on calico, purifying water, an improved lathe and a new steam engine. En8
MAXWELL, James C., (1831-1879). Scottish mathematician, physicist and astronomer. Studied kinetic theory of gases, establishing distribution of velocities of gas molecules. Proved rings of Saturn not solid, but made up of particles. Also proved electromagnetic waves travel through space at speed of light. Wn16
MAYO, Charles H., (1865-1939). American surgeon. Skilled in goiter surgery. Recipient of numerous awards. Established Mayo clinic with brother. Es10
MCCORMICK, Cyrus H., (1809-1884). American inventor. Developed large variety of farming machinery including Mccormick Reaper. Won numerous international awards. Ee3
MCDOWELL, Ephraim, (1771-1830). American physician. Pioneer in abdominal surgery. Made developments in ovariotomy and operations for hernias and bladder stones. Se11
MENDEL, Gregor J., (1822-1884). Austrian biologist. Discovered basic laws of heredity by experimenting with pea plants. En5
MENDELEEFF, Dmitri I., (1834-1907). Russian chemist. Discovered Periodic Law of chemical elements when arranged in order of their atomic weights. Nw10
MICHELANGELO, (1475-1564). Outstanding painter, sculptor and architect. Great leader of Italian Renaissance. Es21
MICHELSON, Albert A., (1852-1931). American physicist. Made accurate determination of speed of light, providing data for theory of relativity. Invented interferometer for advanced astronomical research work. Awarded Nobel Prize in physics, 1907. Ws4
MONTGOLFIER, Jacques E., (1745-2799). French inventor. With brother Joseph, built first man-carrying hot-air balloon. Brother invented parachute. Es9
MORSE, Samuel F. B., (1791-1872). American inventor. Devised and developed the telegraph. Morse telegraphic code of communication named after him. Nw3
MORTON, WILLIAM T. G., (1819-1868).American dentist. Pioneered use of (sulfuric) ether in dental anaesthesia. Improved techniques of using false teeth. En12
MOSELEY, Henry G. J., (1887-1915). English physicist. Discovered simple relationship between x-ray spectra of the chemical elements and their atomic numbers, which resulted in correcting sequence in Periodic Table of same. Es6
NAPIER, John, (1550-1617). Scottish mathematician. Inventor of logarithms and author of decimal notation. Also extended spherical trigonometry. Ws15
NASMYTH, James, (1808-1890). English engineer, Developed several mechanical devices, and had part in design of steam hammer with adjustable drop. Also first to observe mottled appearance of sun. Ss2
NEWCOMEN, Thomas, (1663-1729). English inventor. Made various improvements in steam engines. Ww6
NEWTON, Isaac, (1642-1727). English philosopher, mathematician, physicist. Best known for discovery of laws of motion and gravitation. Also took part in origination of the calculus and calculation of the paths of planetary bodies. Nn4
OERSTED, Hans C., (1777-1851).Founder of science of electro-magnetism. Measured force of magnetic field, now rated in oersted units. En15
OTTO, Nikolaus, (1832-1891). German engineer. Contributed to development of the four-cycle Otto internal combustion engine. En7
PARÉ, Amboise, (1510-1590). French surgeon. Invented surgical instruments. Made improvements in treating gunshot wounds, operation of trepanning and amputation. Improved obstetrical methods. En11
PASTEUR, Louis, (1822-1895). French chemist, microbiologist. Founder of microbiological science, germ theory of disease and science of immunity. Discovered optical isomerism of chemical compounds. Revealed viruses, developed treatment for rabies and introduced pasteurization. Ne8
PERKIN, William H., (1838-1907). English chemist. Founded aniline dye industry and introduced Perkin reaction as a tool in organic chemistry. Se10
PERRAULT, Claude, (1613-1688). French architect, anatomist. Designed decorations for palace at Versailles and portions of the south facade of Louvre. Discovered ascending and descending movement of sap in plants. Es4
PERRONET, Jean R., (1708-1794). French architect and pioneer bridge builder whose works featured use of low segmental arch. Se2
PLANCK, Max Karl Ernest Ludwig. (1858-1947). German. Nobel Prize in physics, 1918. Helped developed quantum theory, which changed physics so much that everything before this is now called classical physics. Wn14
PLATO. (428/7 B.C. - 348/7 B.C.) Greek. Philsopher. Founded the first University. Influenced Western thought in an overwhelming way. Platonism in science has generally meant emphasis on a priori abstract mathematical thinking. Wn2
POINCARÉ, Jules H., (1854-1912). French mathematician. Made major contributions to theory of functions and their applications. Ww3
PRIESTLEY, Joseph, (1733-1804). English chemist. Discovered the element oxygen and its release by green plants. Also discovered numerous chemical compounds. Ws22
PTOLEMY, Claudius. Probably 2nd Cent. A.D. Egyptian. Astronomer, mathematician, geographer. Devised geocentric system (earth at rest, everything rotates around it.) Which lasted until Copernicus. His geography first located position by latitude and longitude. Es17
PYTHAGORAS, (flourished 532 B.C.). Greek philosopher. Discovered Pythagorean theorem of the right triangle. Also showed dependence of musical note intervals on arithmetical ratio of lengths of sounding strings at the same tension. En13
RAMSAY, William, (1852-1916). English chemist. Discovered and investigated basic nature of rare, unreactive (inert) chemical element gases, winning Nobel Prize. En18
RANKINE, William J. M., (1820-1872). Scottish engineer and physicist. One of the founders of thermodynamics, and author of the Rankine cycle. En16
RAYLEIGH, (Lord); STRUTT, John W., (1842-1919). English mathematician, physicist. Did research on light and sound. Co-discoverer of argon gas with W. Ramsay. Nobel Prize winner. En6
REED, Walter, (1851-1902). American physician. Made studies on bacteriology of erysipelas and diphtheria, and on transmission of typhus and yellow fevers. Found the latter was due to a virus. Es18
REGNAULT, Henry V., (1810-1878). French chemist. Made numerous physical measurements on chemical mixtures. Did important work on halogen and other derivatives of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Ws20
RIEMANN, Geog F.B., (1826-1866). German mathematician. Developed non-Euclidean (Riemannian) geometry. Developed theory of functions of a complex variable. Ws16
ROEBLING, John A., (1806-1869). American civil engineer. Designed equipment for and manufactured wire rope. Noted for building suspension bridges including the Brooklyn bridge. Es15
ROENTGEN, William K., (1845-1923). German physicist. Made numerous studies on properties of different materials. Best known for discovery and investigation of X-rays. Awarded Nobel Prize in physics, 1901. Ws18
RÖMER, Olaus, (1644-1710). Danish astronomer. Discovered and determined the speed of light by observing satellites of the planet Jupiter. En23
ROWLAND, Henry A., (1848-1901). American physicist. Designed machine to produce improved concave diffraction gratings that greatly advanced field of spectroscopy. Wn3
RUMFORD, Count; THOMPSON, Benjamin, (1753-1814). English physicist. Engaged in a great variety of activities -- scientific, technical, military and sociological. Proved heat was a form of energy. Invented testing equipments. Es14
RUTHERFORD, Ernest, (1871-1937). New Zealander physicist. Made many studies, researches and contributions to radioactivity and constitution of atom. Discovered atom nucleus is very small compared to the whole atom itself. Awarded Nobel Prize in chemistry, 1908. Wn1
SCHEELE, Carl W., (1742-1786). Swedish chemist. Discovered many new chemical substances, including oxygen and chlorine. Ws17
SCHWANN, Theodore, (1810-1882). German anatomist. Contributed to theory that all living matter is made up of cells, Discovered pepsin, the first enzyme. Ws3
SIEMENS, William, (1823-1883). German metallurgist. Designed cable ship and laid Atlantic cable. Author of numerous other inventive and industrial achievements including furnaces and instruments. Wn9
SMEATON, John, (1724-1792). English civil engineer. Improved instruments for use in astronomy and navigation. Built bridges and did other significant construction work. En2
SOLVAY, Ernest, (1838-1922). Belgian chemist. Invented familiar Solvay process for production of sodium carbonate. Se8
STEINMETZ, Charles P., (1865-1923). German electrical engineer. Made great variety of mathematical analyses and inventions. Wn18
STEPHENSEON, George, (1781-1848). English engineer, inventor. International consultant on railroads and builder of "Rocket" locomotive. Also invented industrial utility lamps. Ee5
SUESS, Eduard, (1831-1914). Austrian geologist. Specialist in structural geology, especially mountains. Author of 4-volume Face of the Earth. Se3
SYDENHAM, Thomas, (1624-1689). English physician. Adopted use of quinine in treatment of fevers. En9
THOMSON, Joseph J., (1856-1940). English mathematical physicist. Did much revealing work relating to the conduction of electricity through gases and in a vacuum. Considered to be discoverer of the electron. En17
TREVITHICK, Richard, (1771-1833). English engineer, inventor. Worked much with engines, built first steam rail locomotive. Built first steam carriage to carry passengers. Wn8
VESALIUS, Andreas, (1514-1564). Flemish anatomist, physician. Founder of modern anatomy based on human body. Contributed to osteology, myology and cardiology. Wn10
VIRCHOW, Rudolph L. K., (1821-1902). German pathologist. Considered founder of modern pathology. Added to understanding of histology and morbid anatomy. Extended cell theory to include diseased tissue. En19
VOLTA, Alessandro G. A., (1745-1827). Italian physicist. Made numerous discoveries relating to static and current electricity. Built voltaic cell, electrolyzed water and electroplated metals. Unit of electromotive force, the volt, named after him. Wn19
WATT, James, (1736-1819). English mechanical engineer, inventor. Invented condenser for steam engines, planetary gearing for transmission of power, and numerous other engine accessories, including steam pressure indicator. Originated the term horsepower. Unit of power, the watt, named after him. Ws2
WESTINGHOUSE, George, (1846-1914). American inventor. Made numerous developments in connection with railroading, both steam-driven and electrical. Built air brakes and dynamos. Ws6
WHITNEY, Eli, (1765-1825). American inventor. Designed and developed cotton gin. Built first successful milling machine. Also instituted mass production of muskets. Sw10
WÖHLER, Friedrich, (1800-1882). German chemist. Pioneer in study of organic chemicals and isomerism of molecules. Synthesized urea, a biochemical product. Es13
WREN, Christopher, (1632-1723). English mathematician, scientist and architect. Prolific inventor and contributor to knowledge of astronomy and navigation. Designed St. Paul’s in London. Founding member of Royal Society. Nw8
WRIGHT, Wilbur, (1867-1912). American inventor. First to make and fly in a heavier-than-air machine. Ee4
YOUNG, James, (1811-1883). Scottish chemist. Produced oils and paraffin from petroleum and bituminous products. Es16
